Bart Simpson: Horney’s Psychoanalytic Social Theory Essay

Psychology of Personality Bart Simpson is the oldest son of Homer and Marge Simpson on the Fox TV show The Simpsons. At only 10 years of age, Bart has already established himself in the community and in his family as a trouble-maker. He is the oldest child in his family with two younger sister, Maggie and Lisa. To Karen Horney, Bart’s experiences with his parents would greatly influence his future personality. Bart’s interactions with his father, Homer, provide a perfect situation for the analysis of a parents influence on personality development. Homer’s relationship with Bart and the other children is very dysfunctional to say the least. His interactions with his son most often consist of a highly angered reaction to something that Bart has done at which point Homer lashes out, strangling Bart. According to Horney, when children experience a lack of affection from their parents this can lead to future feelings of isolation. The anxiety that stems from these feelings effect one’s interactions with other people; whether the are withdrawn, move toward, or move against others. We can see from Bart’s interactions with others on the show that he is actively moving against others. His behavior is often defiant and he strives to master every situation he finds himself in. As he exploits the weaknesses of others to gain respect and attention, he is working to relieve the feelings of basic anxiety that stem from his realtionship with his father. Bart has two true friends, Milhouse and Ralph Wiggum, both of whom are outcasts socially and look to Bart as a leader. These types of relationships, according to Horneyian theory, satisfy Bart’s neurotic need for power and exploit as well as his neurotic need for personal admiration. As Bart’s interpersonal relationships have been effected by his relationship with his father, so too has his perception of himself. Horney believed that basic anxiety can also have intrapsychic consequences as well. Bart’s earlier conflicts with his father could effect his journey towards self-realization and result in an idealized self-image and a neurotic search for glory. That Bart has an idealized self-image is apparent from his behavior an can be observed as he acts out against authority as if there are no consequences for his actions. His belief that he is in control  of every situation is an example of the neurotic perception of his own â€Å"exalted faculties.† Bart’s relationship with his father, following Horneyian Psychoanalytic Social Theory, would greatly impact his personality development. To anyone who has seen The Simpsons, it is obvious that Bart’s anti-social behavior is a product of his dysfunctional family life and specifically, his realtionship with his father.

Consumer Buying Behaviour Essay

INTRODUCTION This paper is based on a group purchase from the popular coffee house Starbucks. All members were to meet and purchase a beverage and analyse the purchase and reflect on emotions and feelings prior to the purchase and also post purchase. Each group member bought something different so we were therefore able to compare each individuals experience. CONSUMER A Problem Recognition Consumer A and the other consumers recognised the need for a place to meet in order to enjoy some food/a drink that was in the centre of town, within a budget and would not require a reservation. Consumer A wanted a drink but also something more filling and exciting than a regular coffee or tea. This would take the consumer from their actual state to their ideal state (Solomon et al 2010). Information Search Due to the high recognition and availability of the brand, when feeling the need of a drink, hot or cold, Consumer A believe that the Starbucks brand recall is one of the strongest out there. Thus meaning that it is the first one the consumer will think of and additionally the brand is widely available. Particularly in Glasgow central, there is a Starbucks on almost every corner, stimulating both her internal and external information state (Solomon et al 2010). Consumer A and the rest of the group decided upon Starbucks, dismissing other rival retailers such as Costa and Caffe Nero The  consumer thought about what drinks she had seen people get and say was nice, this is known as an internal search, Consumer A also saw another female consumer drinking one of the ‘strawberries and cream frappaccino and thought it looked delicious and the pink and white colour combination is very appealing. Evaluation of alternatives Starbucks was chosen from the consumers evoked set (Solomon et al 2010), due to good marketing. Consumer A showed rational behaviour by opting for a drink that is quite filling so that it was less expensive than buying a drink and a separate snack. Consumer A used her prior knowledge of the drinks she had tried from Starbucks and opted for a drink she knew she liked the taste of rather than variety seeking Consumer A finds that the wide range of options in Starbucks means it can be difficult to make a decision, however they allow you to customise your drink which Consumer A likes as you can get exactly as you want. Purchase Consumer A decided on purchasing the strawberries and cream frappaccino. Consumer A enjoyed her experience overall, service was relatively efficient and her drink did not take long. There was low risk and involvement in the purchase, due to its low price (?3.29) and the nature of the product. Consumer A, did however, feel a little panicked when she went to order as you need to stand in the queue to read the menu boards rather than being able to read and decide before joining the queue. This left Consumer A feeling a bit rushed into the decision. Consumer A was offered cream on top, this left them feeling like it was an added extra, leaving them pleased with their purchase. Post-Purchase Consumer A was very pleased with the purchase as it tasted delicious and was very filling. Whilst Starbucks can be perceived to have some overpriced  products, consumer A did not feel like the frappaciano is one of them, so was satisfied, finding it good value for money. However having seen the high calorie content did make it somewhat less enjoyable as it inspires a little bit of post-purchase guilt. Consumer A decided to push aside any feelings of guilt, a manifestation of cognitive dissonance (Arnould et al 2004). Consumer A felt full and no longer thirsty, it had satisfied her sweet craving and so was now in her ideal state. Consumer A will continue to be a regular customer. Consumer A considers what the drink would be if it were a car, animal and person. If the drink were a car it would probably be a convertible, something fun, quite flash and expensive. If the drink were an animal it would be something relatively exotic and colourful, like a bird of paradise. If the drink was a person, they would be very sweet, probably relatively young, vivacious and excitable, possibly flirty. CONSUMER B The group recognise a problem when they decide they want to meet up but need the convenience of somewhere that does not require a reservation. There are several stores offering similar products in the surrounding area, Costa, Starbucks, Pret a Manger and other less branded coffee shops; constructive processing means the decision to go to Starbucks is made rather quickly; the decision was almost automated due to the knowledge of Starbucks’ product range (Solomon et al, 2010). The group perform an internal search to locate a Starbucks within walking distance from their current position. Whilst in line to order consumer B browses the many drinks on the menu considers the possible flavours and quickly decides to purchase a large cup of tea. The tea is chosen as it is consumer B’s favourite hot drink. As the decision to buy tea was made easily by consumer B there was time left to survey the cakes and biscuits on offer while in the queue; consumer B decided to make a hotspot purchase of a cookie to accompany the tea. Consumer B enjoys the purchase of tea and a cookie which cost ?3.70 which  consumer B believes to be competitively priced with rival stores but overpriced in relation to the cost of manufacture however this has not ruined the experience. Overall the experience was a positive one; service was quick, the store was laid out efficiently, staff were friendly, consumer B enjoyed the social aspect that was made possible due to the homely store and the purchase was satisfactory too. Consumer B considers what tea would be if it was a type of car, animal and person and determines, if a car it would be a Volkswagen Golf as it is without significant changes; if an animal it would be a dog or cat as is a lifelong companion; and if a person someone who was comforting, friendly and dependable. Tea has all of these characteristics to consumer B. (Solomon et al, 2010, pg314) CONSUMER C The group recognise a problem as to what time to meet up, as some group members are not nearby the selected Starbucks, and others only have a small amount of time due to work commitments. They decide to meet as soon as possible at a set point (Starbucks Buchanan Galleries) and to purchase their products as soon as they can so that all members can be involved, and the members that need to leave will just order take-away cups. Consumer C knew that they would need to leave for work soon after she had met the group at Starbucks, so their first thought was that it would be ideal to pick up a take-away cup. This is problem recognition (Solomon et al, 2010) in the customer realising they were currently purchasing a product, but would soon need to leave the location where the product is generally consumed. Pre-purchase research had taught them that Starbucks offer a take-away service. Having made this decision, consumer C now considered her options for a drink. Not particularly liking tea or coffee consumer C decides to buy a hot chocolate, and makes it a small as they are not that hungry. As consumer 2 is paying the cashier offers them cream and marshmallows for a small extra price, and so makes a hotspot decision to purchase cream for on top of the hot chocolate. Consumer C enjoyed the purchase of hot chocolate with cream. It was ideal that they could sit and enjoy the drink with the rest of the group, but leave slightly earlier without having to stop drinking their purchase due to the take-away cup. Compared to home-made products was a lot more enjoyable due to extra touches such as cream and the ability to sit with friends in a comfortable and relaxed environment. Consumer C reflects on their experience of the purchase of a hot chocolate for ?3.40. It was more satisfying than home-made products due to the services it comes with, and was an enjoyable experience with friends. If this product was a car Consumer C thinks it would be a Volkswagen Beetle as it is sweet and almost a bit childish. If it was an animal it would be a sloth because it is relaxed and happy. If it was a person it would be a grandmother type figure, as it is used to cheer people up and as an almost comfort-blanket type product. CONSUMER D The consumers decided to meet to discuss group work issues. Upon deciding a meeting place, there were a few options considered by the consumers: a restaurant or a cafe, as they would provide the perfect space and atmosphere in order to carry out the meeting without any major interruptions and would allow them their own space. Most of the group had already eaten lunch as this was around 2pm, so it was then decided that a cafe would be the most suitable place to meet, allowing them to also enjoy a relaxing hot drink and possibly a cake/pastry. Consumer D already had an idea of a place which would offer the group what they required, due to â€Å"Internal information search†. Consumer D regularly visited Starbucks and had never been let down by their services, they had a very positive image of the brand. They also remembered reading â€Å"Find your local Starbucks and visit us in store for your perfect latte!†(Starbucks official website 2012) on their official website, which coincidently happened to be their favourite hot beverage. A short conversation was  undertaken which involved assessing the nearby coffee shops such as Costa coffee and Pret a Manger, (mainly those who were branded, as the knowledge of their products and services were the highest) it was decided that Starbucks was the preferred option by all consumers. Upon arriving at the nearest Starbucks, consumer D already had decided what drink they were going to purchase (a latte) as they had previously enjoyed the same drink many times before and it was their favourite. As consumer D waited in the queue (queues are present nine times out of ten in most Starbucks although that never hindered the experience) they were faced with all of the cakes and sandwiches that the cafe had to offer. Although consumer D had just eaten lunch, they were almost at eye level with their favourite cake and made a rash decision to purchase it as they usually enjoyed it alongside their favourite drink. After ordering, the assistant then asked for consumer D’s name, to place on the order, to give it a personal touch, to make experience somewhat more pleasant. Taking into consideration all the qualities of the drink, the consumer decided that if it was to be compared to a car, it would most resemble an Audi as it was a safe option, it was reliable and not just a regular coffee, it was an upgraded sophisticated version. If the drink was to be compared to a person, it would most resemble a woman/mother in a well-paid occupation as it gives vibes of confidence and sophistication, due to the sharp coffee taste but also an understanding and warming vibe due to milk being the basis of the drink. It was then considered that if the latte was an animal it would be a Persian Cat, mostly due to the similarity of the colours and the cuddly yet classy image that they project. Consumer D was just as impressed as they always were with their Starbucks purchase; they believe that the brand is very consistent with the quality of their products which draws them in as they never have the risk of being disappointed. Although it cost them ?5.25 for a coffee and a cake, it was not grudged as it is now accepted as the norm for all branded coffee shops. Consumer D had also enjoyed the free Wi-fi, as it assisted the group whilst they were enjoying their beverages so they could socialise, discuss and  research all at the same time. Consumer D identified that the purchase was one of low involvement as during the information search, it was limited and not many options were considered; when it came to the purchase, they knew what they wanted to buy, they didn’t have look into any other product – the behaviour was habitual and post purchase, there was little evaluation on the purchase and no research was undertaken. CONSUMER E Prior to the visit to Starbucks, Consumer E was thrilled at the chosen place of purchase. Consumer E is familiar with the American Coffee House and visits regularly. Although Consumer E has been countless times before, this experience was to be different and the trip was to be made with a group of friends who had not spent time with each other before. Consumer E felt wary and anxious about how the group would all get along and how the experience would be. Consumer E was more concerned about the people attending the meeting than actually making the purchase. Consumers E was considering whether to stick with the regular order or try something new to add to the whole ‘new’ experience. Consumer E gathered information from the Starbucks website on what other beverages and snacks they serve to be prepared for meeting. Consumer E had decided on the purchase going to be made, however, before doing so, compared alternatives on the menu by analysing nutrition information. Consumer E then confirmed her choice before the day of the meeting. Friday 15th February was the day the group planned to meet at the Coffee House. Consumer E was running late so felt rushed when arriving. The remainder of the group were already sitting down, chatting, and seemed delighted that Consumer E had finally arrived. After around 5 minutes of brief chat, the group were ready to make their purchase. As everyone made their way to order, Consumer E realised that the firmed choice of hazelnut hot chocolate was not desired any longer. Consumer E had been in such a great rush to get to the meeting that the needs had changed and now craved something cold and refreshing. The queue was terribly long, so Consumer E had plenty of time to evaluate alternatives. When the caramel Frappuccino had been ordered, Consumer E felt no warmth and friendliness from the staff, which is normally the atmosphere created in Starbucks. The staff did ask the  name of the consumer to write on the cup, which is a nice, personal touch. The member of staff questioned whether the consumer would enjoy cream on their beverage or would prefer without. Consumer E agreed to the cream and made the purchase of ?3.29. After making the purchase, Consumer E realised there was no up sell of snacks or biscuits which the felt was disappointing and thought effort was lacking from the staff members. When the drink was ready, it was made aware that it was served in a plastic cup even though the consumer had stated they were sitting in. When arriving back at the table to join the remaining group members, Consumer E felt slightly out of place as the other members were sipping from large, Starbucks stamped mugs. Their experience seemed more homely, warm and comforting whereas Consumer E felt their Frappuccino was over-priced to be served in a plastic cup, with a straw. The consumer understood that the type of drink is slightly different; however, the purchase made should not affect the overall experience of consuming in such a place where expectations are so high. Consumer E felt as though they had been given a take away, and although the beverage was lovely, it would have been more enjoyable if it had been consumed the same way as the other group members; from a mug like you’re sitting at home! Overall, the experience of the purchase was slightly disappointing; however, Consumer E loves the social aspect of Starbucks. If the consumer had the chance to indulge in the atmosphere predicted before the purchase was made, then the outcome may have been different. CONSUMER COMPARISON Problem Recognition The consumers recognised a variety of reasons as to why they made their purchase. Consumer A was thirsty and wanted something quite filling, Consumer B wanted a drink and a snack, Consumer C wanted the convenience of a takeaway cup, Consumer D wanted a drink and was also hungry for a cake, and Consumer E also wanted a drink. All the consumers identified the need  for somewhere convenient and not too expensive to meet. Information Search The consumers used different methods of collecting information. The choice of Starbucks was largely based on all the consumers’ previous experiences and awareness of the brand, showing successful marketing, as all of the consumers noted that they had previously been and it was thought of as an easy and convenient choice. Consumer E, D and A admit to being regular customers, thus illustrating not only their brand loyalty but also how integrated the ‘Starbucks’ brand is within consumers internal search, strong brand recall (Solomon et al 2010). Consumer E also used an external search by looking at the product options prior to their trip, comparing prices and calories. Additionally Consumer D recalled knowledge of one of the brands advertisements on their website. Evaluation of Alternatives The evaluation of alternatives was somewhat unique for each consumer. Consumer E had decided upon their purchase beforehand, Consumer D stuck to her favourite drink, whilst Consumers C, B and A perused the menu and made more impulsive decisions from the extensive menu. Consumer A was relatively price conscious. All the consumers evaluated whether they would enjoy the purchase beforehand and stuck to drinks they had tried before to avoid disappointment. Purchase Consumers had different experiences when making their purchases, despite it being the same staff. Whilst Consumer E was disappointed by the lack of up-sell, Consumer A thought this was a positive aspect of the experience as she felt that being pressured into purchasing more is a turn-off. Whilst Consumers A, C and D were okay with the price, Consumer B thought it slightly overpriced especially in relation to the manufacture cost of her tea; however all the consumers agreed on the enjoying the social aspects of  the Starbucks experience. Post-Purchase Evaluation The consumers post purchase evaluations also differed despite being together in the same Starbucks at the same time. Personal preference would be best identified as the driving force behind why some Consumers were more pleased with their purchases than others. Due to the nature of the products purchased the consumers were able to test the product immediately. Consumer A was pleased with her purchase despite a little post-purchase guilt and experiencing a little post purchase dissonance, Consumer E was left slightly disappointed with their purchase, whilst consumers B, C and D were all satisfied, describing it as a positive experience and purchase. Whilst Consumer E was left unhappy with the fact their frappacciano came in a take away cup, this was seen as a positive for Consumer C, for whom the ease of the plastic cup allowed them not to rush before heading to work commitments. CONCLUSION In conclusion, consumers A, B, C, D, and E, all used the ‘Individual Decision Making Process’ when going about their purchase from Starbucks. Consumers A and purchased their drink through need as well as want, they were thirsty. Consumers C and were more driven by want as they weren’t particularly hungry or thirsty. In the Information search stage, all the consumers followed a relatively similar pattern, due to the high brand awareness of Starbucks and its easy availability. None of the consumers set an exact budget, but all the purchases retailed under ?7. On the whole all the Consumers, except consumer E who expressed a little disappointment, had a positive experience and Consumers E and D are already loyal customers. Therefore they are likely to go back and continue to purchase from Starbucks. The consumers’ decision making processes are somewhat unique and are more complex due to the extensive menu and options available. REFERENCES James R. Bettman, ‘The Decision Maker Who Came in from the Cold’ (presidential address), in Leigh McAllister and Michael Rothschild (eds), Advances in Consumer Research 20 (Provo, U.T.: Association for Consumer Research, 1993): 7-11; John W. Payne, James R. Bettman and Eric J. Johnson, ‘Behavioural decision research: A constructive processing perspective’, Annul Review of psychology 4 (1992): 87-131; J.R. Bettman, M.F Luce and J.W. Payne ‘Constructive consumer choice processes’, Journal of Consumer Research 25(3) (December 1998): 187-217; for an overview of recent developments in individual choice models, see Robert J. Meyer and Barbara E. Kahn, ‘Probabilistic Models of Consumer Choice Behaviour’, in Thomas S. Robertson and Harold H. Kassarjian (eds), Handbook of Consumer Behaviour (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1991): 85-123. Cited in Consumer Behaviour a European Perspective, 2010, fourth edition: Prentice Hall Michael R. Solomon, Gary Damossy, Soren Askegaard, Margaret K. Hogg, 2010, Consumer Behaviour A European Perspective, Fourth Edition: Prentice Hall http://starbucks.co.uk/promo/mondays-can-be-great Solomon, Bamossy, Askegarrd and Hogg, (2006), Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall. Arnould. E, Price. L, Zinkhan. G, (2004). Consumers, (2nd ed), McGraw-Hill.

Critique of Systematic Research Review SRR Essay

Critique of Systematic Research Review (SRR) Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several health conditions that adults suffer from and one of those health issues is lung cancer. Lung cancer in adults is seen as one of the prevalent conditions that needs to be fully addressed so that the rate of deaths that occur as a result of the condition. There is lots of evidence which indicate that the numbers of adults that are suffering from lung cancer have increased. It is to be noted that the adults that suffer from lung cancer require a lot of attention so that they can be able to recover and get better (Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). This is based on the reason that lung cancer is a chronic illness that takes a long time before they can recover although if proper care is not given then there are chances that they may end up dead. The rate of death from lung cancer increases as a result of the lack of proper care for the patients.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the research conducted on patients with lung cancer indicates that health care providers have a great role that they play in the lives of the patients. The health care providers are required to ensure that they should provide sufficient management of the symptoms. Furthermore, there is need for the health care providers to ensure that they promote quality life for the adults that suffer from lung cancer(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). Through several studies that have been conducted, it has been observed that patients that suffer from lung cancer are the ones that experience symptom distress more than those patients that suffer from different types of cancer. Therefore, symptom management among the patients that suffer from the lung cancer is very important and the health care providers are required to ensure that they provide this type of management. The research conducted on patients that suffer from lung cancer indicate that understanding the needs of the patients is very important in handling and managing this condition as one way of reducing the rate of deaths that result from lung cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From this systematic review of the research that was conducted, it is to be noted that there are several symptoms that can be used to identify an adult that suffers from lung cancer. Some of the major symptoms as observed through the systematic review include cough, whereby the adults often develop new coughs and to a great extent the cough often becomes chronic and does not end even with continued medication(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). The other symptom that has been identified is that the patients suffer from shortness in breath and find a lot of difficulty in breathing. The systematic review have also identified wheezing as well as whistling sound production when breathing as some of the other symptoms which are associated with lung cancer among the adults. Furthermore, it is the finding of the systematic review that lung cancer patients also suffer chest pains which often may range from those that are sharp pains, dull or even s tabbing pains on the chest as an indication of lung cancer(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). Finally, hoarseness of the voice as well as the face swelling, neck, arms or even having lots of headaches have been identified as some of the symptoms through this particular systematic review.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the various symptoms which have been identified above in this systematic review, it can be noted that there is great importance in the management of the symptoms among the patients that suffer from lung cancer. The systematic review indicates that it is important to understand the way the research on the symptoms of lung cancer have been conducted so that future research can be based on these findings as indicated in the systematic review(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). It is important to note that lung cancer is one of the major conditions that many nations are grappling with especially among the adults. The rate of deaths have driven researchers to find ways through which they can identified the suitable ways of managing and reducing the rate of deaths as a result of lung cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The systematic review provided on the symptoms of lung cancer among adults is quite extensive in its approach and has provided enough detail in addition to allowing for further research to be conducted on the same topic. From the systematic review, it is noted that there have been a lot of strides which have been made towards understanding the various symptoms that relate to lung cancer in adults. The systematic review is quite detailed in its analysis of the symptoms which are related to lung cancer among the adults(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). The review can be said to be sufficient as it touches on various theoretical, methodological as well as conceptual issues which need to be addressed through future research on the topic. The review however limits its information in terms of the theoretical framework that has been used in the identification of the symptoms which are related to the lung cancer condition. This lack of theoretica l framework in the study means that there is need for more research on the topic to be able to identify the various theoretical issues which are part of the research in identifying the symptoms(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). The strength of this particular systematic review is that the presentation of the information and data has been done in such a way that it is easy to follow from the beginning to the end. Each step of the review is clearly identified which makes it easy for a reader to read through the work. Furthermore, the presentation of data and information has also been accompanied with graphics in terms of tables and charts which helps in understanding the information on the symptoms of lung cancer among adults.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The systematic review also requires the use of tools and equipment in terms of data collections that are reliable and can provide valid data and information which can be used in the identification of the various symptoms that are also associated with lung cancer. It is to be noted that the systematic review however, despite not showing the use of theoretical frameworks that can be used to establish the symptoms of lung cancer, it identifies some of the ways through which patients that suffer from lung cancer can be assisted(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). One of the recommendations that has been suggested by the systematic review is that there is great need for the health care providers to ensure that they practice what is known as symptoms management It is also the recommendation of this systematic review that gender issues should be incorporated in to future research to find out if there is any significance of gender in terms of sympt oms of lung cancer in males and females(Wood, Molassiotis, & Payne, 2011). References Wood, M. M., Molassiotis, A., & Payne, S. (2011). What research evidence is there for the use of art therapy in the management of symptoms in adults with cancer? A systematic review.Psycho-Oncology, 20(2), 135-145. Accessed fromhttp://eds.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=5932c2d1-f4fe-432a-b9ad-48c737b75200%40sessionmgr111&vid=0&hid=11 Source document

Entrpreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Entrpreneurship - Essay Example On the other hand, sustainable entrepreneurs are entrepreneurs or firms that work in a sustainable manner and contribute to the creation of sustainable development (Weidinger et al., 2013). Sustainable development has grown significantly for the past few decades; people and corporate have come to realizes that is easy to do business sustainably. They noted that doing businesses is quite easy at the same time trying to solve issues facing the society. According to the view of sustainable entrepreneurs, challenges can be easily solved and at the same time create business strategies that have more value to the society and economy. Current society is characterized by high level of environmental destruction, climate change, and ozone depletion; such practices pose a great danger to us and the needs of futures generations. However, with sustainable entrepreneurship, environment will be safe, destruction of forest will reduce, and improvement of agricultural practices will increase. In addition, sustainable entrepreneurship is a vital opportunity to developing countries. It improves and increase access to education, creates more job opportunities, increase productivity, physical health and economy (Rendtorff, 2009). Additionally, motivations to sustainable entrepreneurship are changes in environmental businesses, in this sense, the change in demand and supply. Such change motivates an entrepreneur to stand tall and focus of sustainable entrepreneurship. A change is an opportunity; an opportunity in this perspective is availability of raw materials to start a business. It is an ethical responsibility of business firms to be more concern about sustainability; at the same time it is also legal for business to be a concern. Currently, businesses are no longer viewed by the capability to avail goods and services but, the way the avail such commodities and impacts on the society. The main aspects which businesses are more concern with are; environmental,

Trademark Laws Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trademark Laws - Case Study Example Given this initial interest confusion, an actionable theory, the court found that the public was likely to be confused to some extent and this was enough for the court to further find that trademarks could not be used as metatags. The ruling, however, was rather specific or limited. The facts of this case provided that the MovieBuff trademark owned by Brookfield could not be used as a metatag; however, the court mentioned several variations that would not be unlawful. First, the court noted that simply putting a space between the movie and the buff would be a lawful metatag; this would be a nearly identical use of language and protect West Coast from lawsuits. Second, the court stated that trademarks can be used descriptively in metatags and on web pages. The trademark, for instance, could be used to make comparisons or to draw contrasts. Thus, in short, the ruling was very specific in that it found the exact use of a trademark in a metatag to be unlawful while at the same time articulating a few safe harbors. The court's reasoning seems sound and persuasive.

The Eruption of Toba Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Eruption of Toba - Essay Example Some geologists believe that the volcanic eruption also resulted in the extinction of the human race that existed at that time. However, there is a belief that this theory does not hold true because many of the species of the animals that are said to be sensitive to the change in temperature did exist at that time. The other belief is that it caused a change in the genetic setup of the human beings that lived in the area at that time. This volcanic eruption is considered to be the largest known eruption in the last 25 million years and caused a major change in climate at that time. The volcanic winter which occurred as a result of the eruption resulted in decrease in temperature to around 3 to 5  °C (5  to 9  Ã‚ °F), and up to  15  °C  (27  Ã‚ °F)  in higher latitudes (Causey 48-59). TOBA CATASTROPHE THEORY According to this theory the winter caused because of this super volcanic eruption lasted for around 6-10 years and the cooling of the lava was a long process that stretched around 1000 years. It was suggested by Ann Gibbons that the super volcanic eruption that took place resulted in a bottleneck in the human race. A few other scientists suggested the same but then again many other scientists subsequently failed to identify any link or develop enough evidence to support the theory. According to a theory there were not just one but a series of three eruptions that spanned over the period of 1 million years. The crater that was formed because of the super volcanic eruption was  100 ? 30 km2 area wide. The crater is known as the Caldera Complex and the volume of the eruption was estimated to be around 2,000  km3  and  3,000  km3. The mass that was collected after this eruption was estimated to be larger than the erupted mass that had been ever collected in the past 100 years of volcanic eruption history. The ash layer that was deposited from the Toba eruption that took is said to be around 15cm thick and it was spread over the whole o f South Asia. A layer of ash was also deposited over the Indian Ocean, and the Arabian and South China Sea. Even the deep sea rocks that were later retrieved from the South of China sea are said to have the after effects of the volcanic eruption and this has proven that the estimation that was done about the spread of the volcanic mass was an underestimation. And therefore the mass was estimated to have even more far reaching effects than had been calculated (Gunn 40). Some of the scientists believe that the eruption happened at the time when the last of the glacial period was setting in. They believe that the super volcanic eruption that occurred was not responsible for the cooling effect on the climate, but it acted as a trigger for the glacial period. The glacial period was setting in was at a very low speed, but when the super eruption at Toba occurred the whole process was quickened and the glacial period occurred. There are many conflicting opinion about this theory but the ge neral assumption is that the super eruption at Toba caused a lot of dramatic changes in the weather and the temperatures dropped dramatically thereafter. There were also a lot of ash deposits found in the atmosphere as well as in the ocean. The ice samples that were found from the Greenland also showed abnormality in the temperatures and the deposition that had

Quality Safety And Cost As It Affects Nursing Essay

Quality Safety And Cost As It Affects Nursing - Essay Example Organizations that have been able to reorganize care delivery to be centered around the patient (where the responsibility of offering care is arranged around what the patients want and needs, as opposed to around the convenience of the organization together with its clinicians and staff) are accomplishing success in enhancing both efficiency and safety, and reducing cost. These organizations also realize that the loyalty of their workforce is rising, and their general organizational performance increases, with profitability benefits. I would demonstrate the importance of nurses in providing patient-centered care. It is important for the director and staff to realize that there should be a healthy clinical relationship between the nurses and patients. These relationships communicate caring, together with the emotional and social responsibilities of delivering care. This way the director and the staff can realize that nursing care can affect the quality of care and patient safety and t he cost. I recommend that social interactions between the nurses and patients are central to patient care should not recede with the advancement of technology. Emotional and social tasks of providing care should never take a back seat to the administrative and biomedical tasks of providing care. The potential nurse-patient relationship to improve the safety and cost-effectiveness of care delivery should never be overlooked in the discussions regarding the way to reform the health care system.

Serology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Serology - Research Paper Example The DNA can be a very powerful source of evidence. However, there are debates about the uses serology has been put to and in recent years these debates have become more rancorous. One of the most radical transformations in evidence collection in recent years in the criminal justice system is the use of DNA. Considered by some to be a silver bullet, conclusively proving guilt, DNA’s significance can be hard to defend against and may create an insurmountable burden for an innocent defendant. It is documented that there is a high level of error in laboratories, and it is possible for DNA samples to be switched. This is an important consideration when evaluating the uses of serology. An accident like this combined with circumstantial evidence would almost certainly result in a guilty verdict. Likewise, sophisticated criminals have been known to plant false DNA evidence at the crime scene in order to shift attention away from themselves. This are important things to keep in mind when considering

How World War One Led to the Creation of the Modern Middle East Essay

How World War One Led to the Creation of the Modern Middle East - Essay Example This essay declares that Britain took the central part in the War against the Middle Easterners with the aim of capturing the empty Otto Man Empire. In order to succeed, it had to involve the Indians forces in the war. It also underwent changes in the troops including the officials. A more social soldier, General Sir Edmund who managed to create bonds with his soldiers, making it easy to wage war against the Mesopotamians, replaced Murray. The Ottoman had combined forces with the Turkish soldiers. The following essay will succinctly describe the aftermath of the war on some of the Middle Eastern nations. Outlining and description of the today’s Middle East economic, political, and social situations will be done. As the paper explores the Ottoman/Turkish army was one of the armies’ of unstated quality. However, with Germany as an ally, the empire became a real threat to the British Empire; and in a quick rejoinder, London hurriedly landed an Anglo-Indian influence at Basra that situated between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. This was mainly done to safeguard the rich Anglo-Persian oil pipeline that was very crucial to the British Army, and to show the Union Jack this purposefully significant area near the Persian Gulf. During the conflict, the cluttered reasoning resulted to this crusade that proceeded during the moment of recovering from conflict, and principally British force major losses and these sick and wounded soldiers had to withdrawn from the area of the conflict. The Ottoman/ Turkish Fifth Army, who were well equipped with military weapons and had strong defense positions and strategies, had proved to be much stronger than there allies. When the Gallipoli conflict subsided, an Anglo-Indian influence was cut-off and was encircled at Kut-el-Amara, a city that was situated approximately 100 miles south of the town of Baghdad (Woodward, 2011). The restricted, protective stance at Basra had emerged into a distant and uncertain development up the Tigris towards Baghdad, and this eventually was the outcome. During this period, the Anglo-Indian influence lacked enough reserves and logistical structures to maintain and sustain the city of Baghdad, although they had recaptured it. In addition, a well-built British forces was present in Mesopotamia, but had no link to conquer Britain’s principle approach on the rival, Germany. However, the government of India was more worried that the holy war may spread to Persia and Afghanistan, hence intimidating the stability in India. The Indians needed the British reputation upheld in the Islamic community to avoid such a war. In the process of the war the troops were

Apps Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Apps - Assignment Example These applications can be instrumental transforming the healthcare environment by facilitating various capabilities for the diagnosis of diseases as well as helping people to monitor their health and vital statistics apart from affording them an easy platform for coordinating all their healthcare related activities. The areas where mobile applications can be used in the healthcare field include, but are not limited to, diagnosis of diseases, drug reference, medical calculator, searching medical literature, clinical communication, Hospital Information System for patients, â€Å"general healthcare applications,† learning tool for medical and nursing students, various utilities for patients etc (Mosa et al 8). Mobile apps are especially useful in the case of diseases like blood pressure as they offer the leverage to â€Å"control the inflation and deflation of a blood pressure cuff through a mobile platform† (Mobile Medical Applications 14). Evidence further suggests that personalizing the health monitoring system will â€Å"significantly improve† the possibility of early detection of cardio vascular diseases (CVDs), including blood pressure (Mena et al 4). Besides, ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) monitoring will also facilitate â€Å"accurate diagnosis† as well as easy evaluation of response to treatment (4). Mobile applications provide an appropriate platform for ABP and by using them in transportable devices such as mobile phones and PDAs etc people can effectively monitor the onslaught as well as response to the treatment of hyper tension. In order to test the above hypothesis, the researcher has focused on conducting a study on people from Florida State especially those from the cities such as Miami and Orlando. Since the treatment of blood pressure is to be undertaken over a long period, the study spanned over a term of three years from 2010 to 2013 to

Jay Gatsby-Pathetic or Romantic Essay Example for Free

Jay Gatsby-Pathetic or Romantic Essay Jay Gatsby, undoubtedly the most love-stricken character in The Great Gatsby, has shown moments of both hopeless romanticism and over-obsessiveness. He has based the past five years on a woman whom he has met only once and might never meet again. His unrealistic dream of someday courting this â€Å"golden girl† has clouded his mind and made him act only in pursuit of this fantasy. Jay Gatsby is a pathetic character because he allowed himself to be consumed by his illusion that he and Daisy might ever end up together. â€Å"Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be just across the bay. † A stalker is defined as a person who follows or observes a person persistently, especially out of obsession or derangement, Jay Gatsbys’ â€Å"scrapbook† with â€Å" a lot of clippings† and pictures about Daisy shows that he has been following, and keeping track of, her movements for quite some time. At this point in the story, the question of intent might come into play, a person who favored Gatsby as a romantic can argue that perhaps he meant to give the scrapbook as a gift to Daisy when he saw her again, however, there is also a more menacing interpretation of this event, a man sitting in his living room feverishly hunting through newspapers and magazines for a glimpse of, or a story about, his prey. His â€Å"collection† truly shows the depravity and desperation of a pathetic man. Resorting to an attempt at bribery to get what he wants is another way for Gatsby to show that there is no limit to what he would do to meet Daisy again. Again, the argument could be made that Gatsby was simply trying to help a friend, yet if Nick did not have something he coveted, contact with Daisy, Gatsby never would have offered to help Nick â€Å"pick up a nice bit of money†. Nick may have denied Gatsbys’ help, but he did set up a meeting between Daisy and Gatsby. At Nicks’ house, before Daisy’s’ arrival, Gatsby is in a fervor trying to make the house acceptable for the meeting. Perhaps this was an attempt to seem worthy of her attention but more likely, this was Gatsby trying to look more important than he actually is, as was his flashy introduction to his home. Trying too hard to impress someone is definitely a pathetic act. â€Å"I know of nothing more despicable and pathetic than a man who devotes all the hours of the waking day to the making of money for moneys sake. † John D. Rockefeller. The same could be said about a person who devotes five years of his life on a longshot. His dream is a longshot because in order for it to work, Daisy must be unhappy with her marriage enough to want to give up a life of luxury for a life of love. While she flirts with Gatsby, she is just doing it to get back at Tom for having an affair. While she may appear to be discontent with her marriage, she would never truly want to give up living in the lap of luxury. Everything Gatsby did in the past five years was based on the dream that he and Daisy would be together, a romantic gesture but in the end a pathetic decision for a pathetic man.

The Naked Ape Essay Example for Free

The Naked Ape Essay My question is â€Å"After all we’ve evolved from, why can we still not control some of our animal-like instincts?†Ã‚  One possible answer is that no matter how much we evolve, we will always just be fancy apes. Desmond Morris said himself â€Å"Homo Sapiens have remained a naked ape nevertheless.† (The Naked Ape, page 9). To me, this is quite sad. However, I’m far from disagreeing with him. Apes can be extremely vicious and very easy to anger. Don’t we all know humans like that? And while not all people are like that, deep down, I’m pretty sure we all have a dark, ape-like side. I know that if people could read my mind, I would have been arrested a long time ago. The fact that most people can contain the violent thoughts they have is a sign that we have evolved from the apes, at least a little bit. However, there are still some people that act on these violent thoughts. How could some humans evolve from apes more than others? My thought is that maybe the humans that try to contain their violent instincts are attempting to hide who they truly are: fancy apes. Maybe the people that we call sick, crazy monstrosities are the only true human beings. The quote â€Å"His old impulses have been with him for millions of years, his new ones only a few thousand at the most and there is no hope of quickly shrugging off the accumulated genetic legacy of his whole revolutionary past.† (The Naked Ape, page 9) supports this thought. I often wonder why we try so hard to pretend like we’re this great, superior species, when in all actuality we’re really not that different from other animals at all. Sigmund Freud said â€Å"It is a general principle, then, that conflicts of interest between men are settled by the use of violence. This is true of the whole animal kingdom, from which men have no business to exclude themselves.† (Why War?, page 8) I completely agree, and frankly, I think it’s kind of pathetic that so many people try to pretend that they aren’t as savage as their fellow animals. Another possible answer is that deep down, maybe we don’t want to evolve. One of my favorite things to do is to play the role of a villain in a play. I get to be bad, and I don’t get in trouble for it. And really, who enjoys being good all the time? I know I don’t. Is that my ape-like nature showing? Morris said â€Å"It is a fact that the most level-headed intellectuals  frequently become violently aggressive when discussing the urgent need to suppress aggression.† (The Naked Ape, page 146) I’m not a very violent person, but one time I caught this kid picking on my baby brother, and I punched him as hard as I could right in the gut. I didn’t regret it then, I don’t now, and I never will. That’s pretty ape-like, isn’t it? It is, and I couldn’t care less. It seems like I don’t really want to change my ape-like behaviors. It’s the same thing with parents. If someone’s child is threatened, what are they going to do? They’re going to protect them at all cost. I once had a teacher look at my whole entire class and say with a straight face â€Å"If anyone ever hurt my son, I would put him in a meat grinder feet-first. I would go to jail for the rest of my life, and I would wake up smiling every morning.† That’s horrible, right? Or is it just who we are? Morris said â€Å"The prolonged dependency of the young, forcing us to adopt pair-bonded family units, demanded yet another form of self-assertion. Each male, as the head of a family, became involved in defending his own individual home base inside the general colony base.† (The Naked Ape, page 148) Morris claims that loving and protecting your family was evolved from self-preservation. Self-preservation is an animal instinct, is it not? So it’s ape-like, but do we want to change that? Of course not! Freud said â€Å"In union there is strength.† (Why War?, page 9) That means the only reason I love my family and I want them to be safe is because deep down, I know that I wouldn’t be as safe without them. I hate to think that that might be true, because that makes me feel like a terrible person. But then again, aren’t all humans just a big ball of selfishness? A third possible answer is that maybe we just don’t have the capacity to change. This differs from my first answer because my first answer suggests that we haven’t really evolved as much as we think we have. This third answer suggests that some animals might be able to become â€Å"greater† than they are now, but humans can’t. Maybe this is as good as it gets for our species. It almost makes me angry, thinking that a chimpanzee might eventually be able to accomplish more than me. I mean, I’m a human. I’m part of the smartest species in the world, right? If that’s true, why am I not able to suppress the urge to hit someone in the gut as hard as I can? Morris said â€Å"Basically, they (apes) either switch off the signals that have been  arousing the aggression, or they switch on other, positively non-aggressive signals.† (The Naked Ape, page 157) An ape can calm itself down, and I can’t? Not just me, either. There are to ns of people in the world with anger issues. We’re actually almost more ape-like than apes themselves. Now, that’s pretty pathetic. When I get mad at someone, all I want to do is hit them. I usually choose not to act on it (maybe because I’m subconsciously in denial of my ape-like nature as well), but that still doesn’t hide the fact that attacking said person is my natural animal instinct. Morris said that when apes are threatened, they â€Å"simply calm the dominant animal down†¦send out signals that stimulate a non-aggressive response†¦ (and) involve the arousal of the mood to groom or be groomed.† (The Naked Ape, pages 157-158) When you’re mad at someone, do you try to groom them? No, you most likely don’t. Apes are smart enough to realize that violence isn’t a good thing, and we aren’t. That’s very sad, in my opinion. We should be able to control our instinct to fight and kill, like the apes can. We should, in theory, be more like the apes. So maybe my question shouldn’t be â€Å"After all we’ve evolved from, why can we still not control some of our ape-like instincts?† Maybe my question should be â€Å"After all we’ve supposedly evolved from, why can we still not be more like the apes?† Freud said â€Å"Domination by whoever had the greater might – domination by brute violence or by violence supported by intellect.† (Why War?, page 9) Is that really what we live by? Is brute violence all we know? If so, then I’d much rather be an ape. In conclusion, human beings just flat-out aren’t the best species in the world. I’m not sure what species is, and I’m not sure I will never know. Some people might think that I’m cynical for thinking this. Maybe I am, but do you not have doubts about our species as well?

Effect of Urban Living on Sustainability

Effect of Urban Living on Sustainability Continued Urbanisation – Does it hold the key to sustainable living? March 25th 2010 – was a key turning point in humanity (Graph 1); it was on that day, for the first time ever, that over half of the world’s population (50.5%) were classified as living in urban areas (compared to rural), as a result of urbanisation. Graph 1, showing Urban and Rural World Population change since 1950. Causes of Urbanisation Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities1, this results from: rural to urban migration (mostly in LEDCs and NICs) natural increase (birth rate exceeds deathrate) (mostly in LEDCs and NICs) Urbanisation rates vary temporally and spatially, indeed most MEDCs began urbanising in the 1800’s as a result of industrialisation. In the 1950s, North America and Europe were home to the world’s most urbanised regions, though Tokyo overtook New York as the world’s largest city. By the mid 60s, the world’s urban population passed 1 billion, with rates of urbanisation having become highest in Asia and Africa; and Asia having more urban dwellers than Europe. By the 80s, urbanisation rates in China were once again increasing, though had slowed globally. Worldwide urban dwellers exceeded 2 billion, with Toyko’s population having reached 30 million. During the first decade of the 21st century the urban/rural balance of the industrial countries stabilised at 70-80% mark. Analysts predict that by 2020 the world’s urban population will reach 4 billion and China will become more than 50% urbanised2. The greatest contributor to urbanisation is that of migration. Migration is controlled by a series of push and pull factors (Table 1). Table 1: Push Pull factors contributing to urbanisation Push Factors (usually negative, and repel people from the rural area) Pull Factors (usually positive, and attract people to move to the urban area) *high unemployment *low unemployment; better employment opportunities *population increase *better living standards *famines (such as in Ethiopia in the 1980s) *housing – quality and availability *flooding (such as in Bangladesh where people move to Dhaka) *essential services such as health and education are more readily available and accessible Sustainable Urban Living Global urbanisation is bringing the majority of the world’s population together in cities, making it easier to provide access to essential services, as the people are in concentrated areas. But, realistically, does continued urbanisation actually hold the key to future sustainable living, or is the rate of growth such that we cannot keep pace? For future sustainability, the lifestyle of our global population must reduce the rate of depletion of natural resources, from the earth, so that we can meet our needs, whilst not negatively impacting on the lives of future generations. Sustainable living means ‘living a lifestyle that uses as few resources as possible and causes the least amount of environmental damage for future generations to deal with’3. Figure 1 below considers some of the key elements of urban sustainability4 Essentially, to be sustainable, our system outputs should be ‘recycled or re-used’ so as not to exceed our inputs. This applies to all settlements, not just urban ones. I live in an urban area, Telford, albeit a small one. Recycling has become a prominent part of our life (2004 onwards) as we aim to reduce landfill and address CO2 issues. I enjoy living in an urban environment, I have a choice of health and education services, I have access to retail and leisure parks and our public transport system makes travelling around the town easier. On a negative note, I see a lot of expansion onto greenfield sites as more homes and retail areas are created. This is destroying the view from my window and saddens me, especially when I walk through town and see boarded up shops. Solutions: Ensuring sustainable urban living Scenarios The future landscape could look very different if urbanisation continues at an unabated rate and we take no action, some ‘what ifs’ are considered below. What if †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. What this could mean †¦ How we could avert the issue Urban areas in LEDCs/NICs continue to grow at a rapid rate Increased numbers of informal settlements (shanty towns) in urban areas, especially in LEDCs and NICs; services under pressure due to increased demand; spread of disease Provide the essential services that rural areas need eg mobile doctors and schools, to reduce the desire to move; this would help agricultural productivity too; have an entry policy – people have to apply for permission to move to the city Urbanisation becomes more popular in MEDCs Redevelopment of brownfield sites is more costly and time consuming compared to greenfield developments, so urban sprawl might extend, if green belts are non-existent or are developed Promote inner city living, including the ability to live, work and relax all in the one ‘space’; reduces commuting time and costs and makes for a healthier lifestyle Urbanisation in China Graph 2, showing change in Life Expectancy in China between 1960 and 2011 A good example of a country that has seen a rapid increase in urbanisation is China. China has been urbanising rapidly; in 1940 it had 69 cities, in 2007 it had 670 almost ten times as many after only 67 years. This has very clearly affected Chinese life expectancy dramatically, as the graph left clearly shows (Y-axis: life expectancy in China at birth, X-axis: Date of Birth). This shows very clearly that the more urban the country became, the higher the life expectancy: so urbanisation can definitely be seen to increase the lifespan of the countries inhabitants. However, in Graph 3, below, it is very clear to see that in the same timespan (1960-2010) the CO2 emissions have greatly increased, showing the negative effect urbanisation has had on air pollution, which is now a major problem in China. Graph 3, showing Carbon Dioxide emission levels, per capita, between 1960 and 2010 The most fundamental requirements for sustaining human life are: shelter, food and water. Urbanisation, due to the creation of apartment buildings and streets in cities, usually has a positive impact on housing requirements. However, availability of food and water may be hindered by the accelerating speed of global urbanisation as high population densities can put local water plants under extreme pressure, due to such high demand, so in the long term urbanisation can have a negative effect in this context. Urbanisation can also mean bad news for food supply; the migration of people from rural areas into cities means that long term, agricultural operations can suffer due to insufficient, capable rural workers being available and, in some cases, destruction of farming sites for construction of new urban sites is also a big problem. Due to these factors the production of food may slow down and supplies even become depleted. Graph 4, showing Population Increase in China between 1961 and 2005. Another, negative, effect urbanisation can have is over population. Returning to the earlier example of China since China has been becoming a large urban country, its population has increased substantially; the population of China in 2012 was approximately 1,344,130,000 (over 1/6 of the earth’s total population of 7.129 billion). China is widely considered to be one of the most over-populated countries in the world, and over-population can really hinder the goal of sustainable living. Looking at the three, aforementioned, basic requirements to sustain human life shelter, food and water, we can see how overpopulation can have a negative impact on all of these. If there are too many people living in a country, it becomes very difficult to provide housing for all of them, and even harder to supply all of them with a job, so they can afford the upkeep of their accommodation. Overpopulation also places a high demand for constant provision of food and water; this, added to the ear lier mentioned effects that urbanisation has on the food and water supplies, means supply of both of these commodities, essential for human life, will be put under extreme pressure as a result of urbanisation and overpopulation. These factors really challenge the theory that global urbanisation could be the answer to sustainable living and, to address this further, we need to compare an international rural living area with an urban one. Rural living in Ethiopia compared to Urban living in the U.K. Ethiopia, which had a rural population of 82.4% in 2010, provides a brilliant example of rural living and the United Kingdom, which had an urban population of 90.1% in 2010, provides a good example of an urban area. UK (urban) Ethiopia (rural) Life Expectancy 80 years (2011) 59 years (2011) Adult Literacy Rate ^^99% (2003) 39% (2007-2011) Internet Users 82% (2011) 1% (2011) Use of Improved Water Sources 100% (2010) 44% (2010) Adult HIV Prevalence 0.3% (2011) 1.4% (2011) (Data source ^^ CIA World Factbook, all other data from UNICEF ) Looking at these indicators, it seems that urbanisation is advantageous in many areas. I included the adult literacy rate and internet use to show the quality of education; the use of improved water sources and HIV prevalence to show the quality of health and related services. As the table shows, UK, a highly urbanised area, has a much better quality of life than Ethiopia, an extremely rural area: UK life expectancy is significantly higher than Ethiopia’s (by 35%); the literacy rate in Ethiopia is 60% lower than that of the UK; internet use in the UK is substantially higher that in Ethiopia (81%); all UK citizens use improved water sources, whereas only 44% of Ethiopians do and the HIV prevalence rate in Ethiopia is almost 5 times higher than that in the UK. All of these indicators clearly point towards the fact that urbanisation does contribute to life quality and longevity. In conclusion I think that the true key to sustainable living is to find a perfect balance between populating urban and rural areas, as both are incredibly important. Without urban areas we may not be as technologically advanced as we are today (many of our technology looks towards a future sustainable life, like electric powered cars), and if towns and cities weren’t being built, the present risk of over population would be even more severe; and without rural areas, agricultural industries would suffer greatly which are incredibly important to human life, and loss of large forests and/or grasslands could mean a large increase of Carbon Dioxide in the air as well as destroying many historical location. To improve urban areas governments can focus on improving public transportation systems, which have proved very successful and eco-friendly in the past (for example the London Underground and the new York Subway) and continue to develop more ways to be economically friendly like finding a better way to dispose of our waste or developing more means of transportation that don’t affect the environment as heavily as current transport does. In order to protect rural areas Green Belts and/or UGBs (Urban growth boundaries) can be put into place more frequently, which limit where cities can expand in order to protect and maintain rural and semi-rural areas. If we continue to expand our urban areas whilst making sure we maintain enough rural locations then I think that we can easily accomplish sustainable living. I would suggest that a good percentage for the world’s population living in urban areas is around 80% in order to achieve this goal. Bibliography/Resource List www.internetgeography.net http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16606619 www.regenerative.com http://beta.futurecities.ethz.ch/assets/FCL_web_circular_metabolism1.jpg www.onlinegeography.co.uk www.wikispaces.com www.inhabitat.com www.cat.org.uk www.dawleyheritage.co.uk

The Pursuit of Happyness in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and Ray Bra

Would one rather have a life with no control over what happens; or would one want to have a life with some power, but a limited pursuit of happiness? The Government in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 let the citizens do whatever they want to do. The only exception is that they are not to be left alone to think about life and the enjoyments that are involved; they are supposed to live and forget. Illegal activities are considered normal in these novels. America’s society compared to these two Utopias is completely different. Things that make one happy might be illegal in America’s society, but are considered normal in the novels. With society today, people say that things are socially or politically incorrect. There is no law stating that it is unlawful to do these things. In today’s society, if one had meaningless sex with another person, they would be considered a whore, or a man-whore. If a person took a pill and overdosed on it, they would be considered an addict. In these two novels anyone can do whatever they want and nothing is considered politically incorrect . Drugs are offered at free will to anybody that wants them. In Huxley’s Brave New World, â€Å"there is always soma, delicious soma, half a gramme for a half-holiday† (Huxley 55). This is the citizen’s way of escaping reality. Most crowds in this book take soma just before an orgy-porgy and everybody has sex with one another. In Bradbury’s novel, people overdose on sleeping pills frequently. People truly are not happy if they are trying to commit suicide time after time. According to the handymen, â€Å"We get these cases nine or ten a night. Got so many, starting a few years ago, we had the special machines built† (Bradbury 15). Th... ...nge at the thought of having a mother and a father because they think that having a child is repulsive. These futuristic societies show what can happen if we follow governmental rule without questions. Huxley shows us that this can be a â€Å"possible shape for things to come† in America’s society if we keep doing what we are doing (Schmerl 38). This can even occur if people stop thinking critically and just follow along. Instead of people choosing their own pursuit of happiness and freedoms, they have the governments choose it for them. Works Cited Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: Ballantine Books, 1953. Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York: Pernnial Classics, 1998. Matter, Wiliam W. "The Utopian Tradition and Aldous Huxley." SF-TH Inc (1975): 146-151. Schmerl, Rudolf B. "Aldous Huxley's Social Criticism." Chicago Review (1959): 37-58.

Kids and the Coffee Craze :: Health Children Papers

Kids and the Coffee Craze Chellie Normand’s 11-year-old daughter started drinking coffee when she could first pick up a cup. â€Å"We used to put spoonfuls in the empty creamer containers at Denny's for her to sip a little when she was about a year old,† the 34-year-old mom from Lawton, Oklahoma said. †By the time she was 6, she'd use $1 of her allowance each month to buy one specialty coffee that she liked ... She doesn't go through a pot a day, like [me], but she has it now and then when she wants it,† Normand said. Normand’s daughter’s coffee habits are not that uncommon. Children, as young as 11 or 12, and teenagers are drinking coffee at a higher rate and this trend is causing alarm among members of the medical field. â€Å"It’s not just an adult beverage anymore,† said Linda Antinoro, a nutritionist with Brigham & Women’s Hospital. â€Å"Twelve and 13-year-olds are consuming it regularly. It’s eye-opening.† During the past year, the number of 13-17 year-olds drinking coffee increased 12 percent, according to a 2004 press release by the NPD Group, a market research firm in New York The amount of teenagers consuming coffee while dining in restaurants and cafes rose 22 percent last year, the study showed. Becca*, 17, started drinking coffee three years ago. The teen drinks three medium coffees a week from either Dunkin’ Donuts or Starbucks. â€Å"I get an iced coffee with milk and two sugars from Dunkin’s or an iced caramel macchiato from Starbucks,† she said. The high school senior from Burlington said she started drinking the beverage simply because â€Å"it looked good.† Her friend, Komal*, 16, doesn’t remember why she began drinking coffee when she was 13. A fan of Starbucks java chip frappuccinos and the Dunkin’ Donuts Coffee Coolattas, the high school junior admits she is addicted to the beverage. This trend of young coffee lovers is not just confined to the teenage crowd. It includes younger adolescents. â€Å"I had one mother who would stop and get a Coffee Coolatta and a bagel [from Dunkin’ Donuts] for breakfast [for her son] every day on the way to school,† said Debbie Donovan, a pediatric dietitian at Newton-Wellesley Hospital. â€Å"That was his breakfast and he wouldn’t have anything else. She couldn’t stop it. He was in the 8-10 age group.† Marissa*, 16, from Burlington also began drinking coffee when she was 10. She feels she is now addicted and couldn’t stop drinking it if she had to.

The Fools in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: Romeo and Juliet Essays

The fall of Romeo and Juliet is a culmination of many factors. A controlling father, an ongoing feud and a gullible friar all contribute to this catastrophe, but, for the most part, it was Romeo and Juliet themselves that lent a hand to their own doom. The two lovers were fated to meet and die, but this never could've happened without their help. Had they been patient and rational, perhaps the situation would've worked itself out, but what can one expect from a couple of thirteen year olds who insist that they are in love? The first instance of Romeo's immaturity occurs when he first encounters the lovely Juliet. He know that the party is hosted by the Capulets, and yet he still chooses to attend anyway. As a teenager, he loves to party and is sure that there will be pretty girls there in which to flirt with. Instead of being rational and realizing that this party was a bad idea for a Montague, he and his friends enter without fear. Once the party is over, Romeo hears Juliet on her balcony talking of how she loves Romeo and together they speak of their impending marriage. What? It seems that they are obsessed, not in love. How could they love each other when in fact they have just met hours earlier? They are children who have crushes and plenty of melodrama to enhance it. Romeo demonstrates his immaturity again when he slays the Capulet, Tybalt. Being an idealist, he does not think about the consequences of his actions. He knows that Tybalt is Juliet's cousin, and that injuring him would wreck any chance of them getting together legitimately, yet he does it anyway. Instead of pausing a moment and thinking about the situation in an adult manner, Romeo allows "fire[ey'd] fury be [his] conduct..." and instantly kills Tybalt. Although a bit more realistic than Romeo, Juliet has instances of emotional drama and impatience that symbolize a thirteen year old girl with a terrible infatuation. True, her father is insisting that she marry Paris, but Juliet never lets her feeling for Romeo be known to her parents. Instead of telling the truth about her marriage to Romeo, she leads her parents to believe that it is

Generalization: Black People and Young Men Essay

In daily life, you can find out man many generalization easily; such as, when you heard about crime, you immediately think of the drunken, unemployed, color people..etc, or when you heard about Havard’s student, words describing like very smart, creative, sucess in life easily or something like that glance through your mind.In the same way, when you heard people depend on welfare, you immediately think that they are lazy, unemployed, have many children, never try to get any job and they are black people. However, do you think generalizations like above always right? Absolutely not. In my opinion, each person has each generalization, sometimes genelizations is similiar, but sometimes not. Wrong genelizations can be cause racism or unfair in life. To begin with an Gladwell’s article, because he mention generalization in one of his articles. In â€Å"Troublemakers†, Gladwell argues that generalization is not easy, you must know exactly what is going on. Because of the attacks of pitt bull, it was banned by the Ontario goverment. They said that pitt bulls is very dangerous, can bite someone without warning signs, then, they decided banned it. In the same case with pitt bull, he gave us some example about young men driver always higher charges or doctors think that midle-ages easily get heart attack. In the same article, he also gave us example about terrorism. He said terrorist in our mind is totally different in real. We don’t know how a terrorists look like; can be a Arab men, can be a young men, can be black people, can be white people, can be lady, also can be a old men. That’s why, the goverment and the police, specific is New York Police Department have trouble in sketching terrorist’s prolife. However, when NYPD use right generalization to make decrease crime in city. Back to the pitt bull, as we know, not all pitt bull are killer, moreover, dogs are good or bad also depend on owner. Most of case was attacked by pitt bull, the owner is often neglectful. However, it is still prohibited. Therefore, Gladwell said that is wrong generalization. As shown above, generalization is not always right. In a welfare statistics 2012, total government spending on welfare annually (not including food stamps or unemployment): $131.9 billion. This number is increasing every year. Besides, the global economics downturn, this number is very serious. That’s why, most of americans don’t like people who depend on welfare too much. Americans thought that it was one of cause badly affecting in life today. In the same statistic was shown above, percent of recipients who are black: 39.8 %, this’s highest percent. Next, base on those numbers, you are thinking that black people depend on goverment so much and they seem never try to getting job. Moreover, most of drunken and crime you can see everyday on the street are also black. In the same case, when you go to department of welfare center, you can easily realize that the number of black people is more than all. Now, you begin to default on your thinking that black people are lazy, drunken, crime and depend on welfare so much. Meanwhile, how we know they never try to find a job or try to do something? We don’t know. We also don’t know what is going on their life. They can really have more troubles than white, because of the racism. I have a small story, that’s observation. I’m living Northeast Phillies. Oneday, when I was from home to school, I saw some homeless man on the way to school, I counted five people and in which just have one black people. Now, where is problem? I know, this’s just small story and it can’t generalize anything obvious. However, I think it enough for we look back at own conclusion. Fact that blacks depend on welfare more than others, don’t they? When we heard about black people, we immediately think of crime, drunken†¦ And, thinking made us don’t want to hire them. Clearly, they’ll unemployed. Next, they must depend on welfare to maintain life. Things like a circle and has no end. Until we change our thinking about them and giving them more opportunities, they are still depend on welfare. Not all black people depend on welfare, also not all pitt bull are killers. Finally, genaralization is really important and need shrewdness. You must observation everything what is happening around problems. Because a wrong genaralization can can lead to unnecessary mistakes.

Assess Whether Religious Experience Demonstrates the Existence of God Essay

Religious experience can be dissected into different varieties. Alvin Plantinga argued that everyday experiences such as the sun rising should constitute as a religious experience as the sun rising is so inspirational and conjures up religious belief out of awe. Some would argue that miracles or extraordinary occurrences are proof of God’s existence. If one was to view a man turning water into wine one would see it as spectacular and possible cause religious belief. Both miracles and everyday occurrences are public experiences as they can be witnessed by anyone; however there are more private/personal religious experiences. Dreams and visions, such as St. Paul on the road to Damascus (where he heard the voice of Jesus), only apply to the person visualising them. These are also used as religious experiences if you heard the voice of Jesus it would obviously be considered a religious event. There is also the ongoing feeling that God is around you, he is guiding you through life, and this again is indescribable but rational justification for the theist as it connects to the idea of God’s omnipresence. Finally there are also mystical experience as William James explained them these are ineffable (cannot be put into words) transient (very intense experience but not necessarily a long experience, the effects however can last a lifetime) passive (cannot be controlled by the recipient) experiences that are simply indescribable. Rudolf Otto described mystical experiences as â€Å"numinous† this is the feeling of awe and wonder when confronted with the divinity that is God numinous experiences are one of terrifying and compelling mystery. Should religious experiences be the basis of God’s existence or are they simply anomalous events that are meaningless. David Hume and A.J. Ayer are well known empiricists. They would argue that unless something empirically verified it should not be deemed meaningful so if I was to see God that should be seen as meaningful as it is empirically verified. If I were to see a cat walking across a street I would think to myself that is a cat, no doubt would enter my mind I would simply establish that a cat was walking across a street. When one see’s/experiences God why the same sort of logic should not be applied is ridiculous. If I were to see God I would think that is God no questions asked. Visions of God and miracles are empirically verifiable religious experiences, Hume and Ayer cannot dismiss these as that would be contradictory to their well established beliefs, thus empirically verified religious experiences can be used a sufficient justification for God’s existence. The sceptics retort to this argument is how can we trust our empirical methods of justification. One could be hallucinating, the only reason St. Paul saw God was because he was deprived of water and had social pressures from the rising Christian religion. A.J. Ayer noted that a straight stick appears bent in water, if our senses can deceive us once they will deceive us again, we cannot trust empirical evidence therefore it cannot be used as justification for a religious experience and definitely cannot be used to justify God’s existence. Also what if the subject of supposed religious experience has taken some sort of mind altering drug surely then empirical evidence cannot be used to justify any sort of vision. Finally the sceptic would note that a religious experience is not an ordinary experience, one see’s trees everyday but experiencing God is quite different. As philosophers we must view these extraordinary experiences differently and be more analytical into the causes (such as looking at the recipient of the experience). In Brian Davies book â€Å"An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion† he highlights that to reject empirical evidence without any major reason to doubt is simply absurd. He says that if one is of sound mind, has good eyesight and is of reasonable intelligence unless then there isn’t really any reason to doubt yourself, we use empirical evidence to make everyday assertions therefore it should be no different when seeing â€Å"God†, He also highlights that if it is possible to hallucinate it is also possible to see correctly, although this sounds very basic it does reject the argument from illusion (used by most sceptics to doubt sense data). Sure we can see things that aren’t really there but most of the time we are not hallucinating. Brian Davies also uses the example of a man called Fred. He states that Fred is â€Å"as mad as a hatter and as drunk as a Lord† Fred also regularly hallucinates and because of this not many people listen to what he has to say. Despite Fred perpetual hallucinations it is not right to say that everything he says is wrong, sometimes he could be telling the truth. Davies concludes that â€Å"the fact that some people are prone to get things wrong is not a sufficient reason for others to suppose that they always get things wrong† â€Å"Behold the Lord our God has shown us his glory and greatness, and we have his voice†¦ we have this day seen God speak with man and man still live† This was taken from the Old Testament’s book of Deuteronomy. Religious experience is not a contemporary miracle but one of great age, we all believe in gravity yet this has only been apparent for 300 years, yet something that has been around for millenniums is still questioned. These sightings of God have been continuous since early Christianity and Judaism before that. This is not an argument about the verifiability of religious experience but simply highlights the possibility of experiencing God and also its importance in justifying the existence of God. This is the argument of John Baillie; he argued that religious experience is not just justification for God’s existence but the ultimate justification. Sceptics would reply how do you know it is God? How do you know you did not simply see and old man with a beard? Unless you have seen God before you do not know what he/she looks like. Some would argue that you need an agreed method of identifying God, if no such method has been agreed then you cannot truly say you have seen God. Also if God is transcendent of humans and surpasses them in every way then surely we cannot relate to him/her. We don’t even know if God is a physical entity to be seen. Brian Davies response to the sceptic’s argument is despite not having an identification method that is inconsequential, something may be the case even though it does not conform to the testing method, someone can still be intelligent despite getting a U in all their exams. A religious experience can still be justification for God’s existence despite not being satisfying any a priori testing method. John Hick presented the argument that our interpretations of events all differ. This dismisses the sceptics claim that there should be some sort of testing method about justifying religious experience. A person may claim to have seen God where as another might argue they have seen the devil, as both are basing this experience on a personal a priori perception of God/Devil it means that if these predetermined perceptions are different they are obviously going to disagree. William James argued that religious experience is extremely personal therefore it means different things to different people. Richard Swinburne and William Alston put forward the argument from credulity. Swinburne argued that if one has seen God one has sufficient justification to believe in God. Unless there is something manipulating this experience there is no reason to doubt a religious experience. Until your religious experience is disproven (through suspicion of evidence such as one was on drugs) then it can and should be used as justification for God’s existence. William Alston proclaimed a similar argument to Swinburne’s arguments from credulity. He said â€Å"people sometimes do perceive God and thereby acquire justified beliefs about God†. He too believed that religious experience can be used a justification for God’s existence. He said justification about God is â€Å"prima facie† this means one is justified in supposing unless there are strong enough reasons to the contrary. Both argued the religious experience should be innocent until proven guilty. A sceptic’s retort to Alston and Swinburne would be one should always doubt. Like mentioned earlier one could be subject to hallucination, we could be seeing God when he/she is not really there, you could be of total sound mind however you have a random hallucination due to water deprivation meaning you â€Å"see† God. How can we truly know that our subconscious is not malicious concocting mad religious visions? This is why the sceptic would always argue that we should always be doubtful they argue that religious experiences are not indubitable. Richard Swinburne not only proposed arguments from credulity but also arguments from testimony. Swinburne stated that unless you have sufficient reasons to doubt someone claim of religious experience you should consider it true, if a person states they have seen God you have and you have no reason not to believe them you should consider their experience as true. Brian Davies gives the example of a group of explorers who see a cat in the Amazon rainforest; they go home and tell their explorer buddies they saw a cat in the Amazon rainforest. If a second group of explorers go to the Amazon rainforest and do not see a cat, does that mean the first group were wrong? Of course not! Swinburne would argue you should believe the first group of explorers are there is no reason to doubt their word. The sceptic’s reply would be why trust the explorers? There could be social/professional pressures meaning they lied about seeing a cat because they thought it would be beneficial or because they felt pressurised by the group around them, also there could be irregularities with their testimony, maybe all cats in the world are extinct so seeing a cat is very unlikely, or what if one of the explorers said they saw a black cat and another thought they saw a ginger cat. Brain Davies responds to this by noting that people interpret things in different ways (an argument used by the sceptics), two people may see a red Ferrari one may argue that it is an ugly car where as the other could argue it is a beautiful piece of machinery, they have both seen a car yet have different views/interpretations of what they have seen. So two people may both have seen God however one may think it was God the other might think it was the Devil. Therefore to say there are problems with a testimony because of different interpretations is absurd because the fact is God was there. One can perceive God in as many ways as they want it does not matter the only thing that matters is God was there. Religious experience can be used for religious conversion and religious belief but not necessarily for the existence of God. If one believes they have seen God and as a result of this vision they believe in the existence of God that is fine, but that doesn’t necessarily mean God exists from a philosophical perspective. As the sceptic would regularly point out there are many other factors that may have influenced the subject who viewed God (such a water deprivation or drug consumption) however on an ordinary basis I feel that a vision of God or some kind of numinous experience is sufficient justification for the existence of God and religious belief. On an ordinary level religious experience can justify the existence of God but on a philosophical level it cannot, one cannot claim religious experience to be an objective truth in philosophy, but in ordinary life it is a personal matter and provides justification for God’s existence on a personal level. This is similar to what William James said in his work â€Å"Varieties of Religious Experience† he believed that religious experience was a very personal matter and is impossible to verbalise but can be used as self justification for God’s existence. He also stated that philosophy is useless in trying to prove a religion true but can show up obvious errors. One must also note that Swinburne, Alston and Davies arguments are not really proving the credibility of religious experience but simply defending it against sceptic’s attack. Personally I feel this is fine, why should the recipient of a religious experiences have to prove themselves, however I do feel some of Swinburne’s and Davies arguments to defend religious experience are not sufficient. To conclude I feel the sceptics are right in dismissing religious experience on a philosophical level, but as many previous philosophers have highlighted (such as G.E.Moore) scepticism cannot be applied to ordinary life.

Assessment and Technology Essay

My mission statement for my classroom is to be able to incorporate technology into it as well as into the curriculum so that it is more challenging and demanding for the students. Also incorporating it will bring the students to want to learn and engage in a twofold environment that will join together traditional learning and technology centered instruction. Classrooms and students who have access and the ability to use different technologies such as computers, Smart-boards, digital cameras, digital recorders, e-tablets, smart-phones, iPads, ect will be able to have an advancement for designing, formulating, and organizing projects which will give the students a tremendous boost in the learning process. My intentions for the classroom is that I would like my students to comprehend the advantages of technology as well as how it will continue to develop and progress in their lifetime and assist in preparing them for the public in the 21st Century. Vision I foresee a classroom full of students that are properly equipped with several different uses of technologies that will allow me as a teacher to be resourceful with the students in the classroom along with the classroom curriculum. I visualize technology being applied in the classroom to allow students to be more involved with their coursework and encourage critical and creative thinking alongside with collaboration, communication, life, and career skills. Rationale I decided to involve in my mission statement the idea of preparing my students for the 21st Century as well as having a multitude of different technologies is because in the reading from Information, Media and Technology Skills, talks about the quickly changing technology tools and being able to collaborate which will help the students be efficient in the 21st century (Partnership for 21st Century Skills). Being able to use multiple technologies such as the mission statement states will help the students grow with the technology and make it more feasible for them to use technology in their projects. Also in the mission statement I stated technology such as laptops and ipads because students growing up with technology such as those everyday and using them for games or other activities, if students can use technology for that then they can use those types of technology in the classroom to learn (Teachers, technology and training). When it comes to my vision statement I chose this because I believe that all children as well as my students should be able to apply technology to their everyday learning environments (Unleash the power of technology in education). Communications Plan Incorporating technology into the classroom can either hinder the learning environment or help it depending on how the technology is used to teach as well as in communication with the students, teachers, and the parents. Communication should not be taken lightly. There are a few methods that can be used to communicate with parents that I intend to use in my class such as: contact list, phone calls, e-mail, letters, and a website. Not only is communication with parents important but communication within the classroom, with the students, has the same importance. With this communication a tremendous way of communication in the classroom is through collaboration. When a class first begins I will have my class fill out an emergency contact form so that I am able to have the phone numbers of their guardians to keep in contact with them. This will help me give phone calls to parents and guardians to keep them updated on grades as well as behavior. If a child is distracting the classroom and making it a poor environment for learning then the numbers will come in handy to give the parent a phone call and let them know that the child is having behavior problems within the classroom. Another good way for communication that I intend to use is email and letters to the parents. The emails and letters will have updates about what is going on at the school as well as the classroom. A letter will be sent out to the parents asking for emails and addresses as well as asking permission to send out weekly updates on what is going on in the classroom and the school. Finally, another way to communicate with parents is through a class website. Through the website the parents will be able to see what is going to be taught that week as well as grades for each child. This is an easy way for parents to check out what their child is learning and how well they are doing (School Community Journal). A superior way to communicate within the classroom is through collaboration. Collaboration has many forms such as groups within the classroom along with groups outside of the classroom. An example of that is collaborating with a different school by either going to the school or having another classroom come to mine. Also, there is using technology such as Skype and other Webcam-Ming programs to have another classroom from the opposite of the country on the smart-board or screen to communicate with each other for a few lessons (Multicultural Education). When it comes to students using the Skype, or any other program on the internet, students need to learn what is appropriate to use as well as when it is an appropriate time to use the program. Within the first week I will teach the students the proper way to go about using the internet and have a set of rules as well as consequences for the internet to maintain a proper learning environment (Internet Research). Integrating Technology Into The Classroom Educators are able to integrate technology into the classroom by using various technology devices. A good example that many classrooms have today is the Smart-Board. With the use of this technology the students are able to write on the board as well as learning games by touching the board with a finger or a special marker. Also with the Smart-board, teachers are able to show their students videos through the internet. Another great type of technology to use is a webcam-Ming source such as Skype or Tiny-chat which will be an advantage for the students as a tool to use to bond with other students around the world. In my Special Education classroom, my Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan will consist of assistive devices. Assistive devices comprise any device that disabled kids and students can utilize to help them learn and function more effectively. The most current studies show that around 4,000 assistive technologies have been designed for students and teachers. Such devices include wheelchairs, hearing aids, glare reduction screens, screen magnifier, Braille note taking devices, voice recognition software, and devices that are simple by having the child follow letters and pictures on a screen. Children that contain special needs or a disability have an assortment of communication devices and have modifications for their every day life to help them get through everyday life (Education World). A familiar device is a small computer screen with pictures, letters, and words that help children that cannot communicate efficiently. The device helps the children to communicate with others with the screen because they have trouble speaking and making sentences to tell people if they may need something. Another device is a specialized wheelchair. For children who have no communication functions there is the advance technology of a special wheelchair that they can stare at a picture or words to communicate with others. Some might think that smart-boards are only for main stream students, however, in a special education class the smart-board is a very useful device to help the students engage with the classroom. There are activities and games that the students can go up to the smart-board and do such as answer questions that pop up on the smart-board. Over billions of dollars have been invested into wiring schools for desktop computers. A wireless network is able to present an engaging alternative that secures superior access for the student (Wired Versus Wireless). Nearly two thirds of institutions are using wireless networks. Also known as WLAN, wireless networks are defines as a â€Å"local area network, not connected by cables or wires† (The Journal). Wireless is what people see more in classrooms today. in the company of a wired classroom there are more benefits by being able to educate students on how equipments are to be connect together. Wired classrooms scamper the threat of the students tripping over the wires. It is said that wireless is less secure; however, either way information can be stolen or secured. In Conclusion, integrating technology into the classroom is the teacher way of the 21st Century. Technology in the classroom is a creative way of learning. Every year technology grows and brings about more opportunities for children to cultivate and learn with ease. Look back 20 years ago, children who were unable to communicate truly where unable to communicate. Now, children who cannot speak properly have a way to express themselves and learn with the technology integrating in the classrooms. Rationale I decided to talk about assistive technology with integrating technology in a classroom because from experience most special education classroom is all about technology being used. Many students use technology just to communicate in the classroom. The technology used helps the students learn at their own pace because they are able to look at pictures and words to create the best guess on either an answer to a question or a statement they need to make. I think it is so amazing on how more advance a special education students is rather then a main stream student. Technology for Assessments The use of technology in the classroom has grown abundantly within years with not only the effect of entertainment but also the result of learning. With technology being integrated into classrooms, the technology can also be used to enhance assessments such as formative assessments and summative assessments. Furthermore, teachers should use both traditional as well as technology to assess student learning. When it comes to assessing a student it entails viewing what the students can do and depicting conjectures on the student’s capability (Caacentre). Technology helps to assess students by giving them more learning tools in the classroom. Today’s advancements in technology offer more opportunities to teachers and students that were unfeasible before. Applying a variety of technologies in one lesson can facilitate the understanding to all students (Shelbyed). There are a few advantages that have been known and discovered in regard to technology being included in the classroom. One advantage is when technology is being used in the classroom its extensive range of utilizing has the prospective to reach students of all different learning capabilities along side with being more proficient. Another benefit is that due to the curiosity and motivation technology encourages in the students makes the use of technology in the classroom significant. Lastly, there is the advantage of enhanced preparation in the students for the future when it comes to using technology that is targeted at attending to each learning method (Shelbyed). Along side with advantages there are disadvantages. When it comes to the disadvantages of using technology a major one discussed is the cost of the technology being used with the pre and post tests given. Another disadvantage is that it becomes more summative rather then formative and becomes difficult to segregate what changes need to made. Finally, there is also the frustration of receiving results in a timely manner (Morningside). There are two assessments that are used in the classroom. First there is summative assessment which is intended to measure the achievement of each student at the conclusion of each unit. This assessment also gives a concluding grade. The next assessment is formative assessment which includes techniques that are deliberated to ascertain the progress of each student during the learning process and makes it possible to obtain feedback to the teacher as well as the student (Caacentre). Educators should integrate technology in the classroom; however, teachers should not only use technology to assess students. When there are multiple ways to assess students all methods should be looked upon and used to give the students the best education as well as get the most responsive feedback from the assessments. In conclusion, with the growth of technology in the classroom, it becomes more actively used not only in the learning process but is also used along side assessing the students. Summative and formative assessments are used to obtain the growth of the students during each lesson and technology can have a huge factor in assessing the students by encouraging them. The uses if technology can have a huge impact on the students and can help enhance the learning and assessment process. Rationale When coming up with the conclusion in my writing I used personal experience for the most part and how technology benefited when assessing me. I used clickers in my government class in high school to takes tests and when I put in my answer it would show up on the smart board if the answer was correct or not. Another way I formed my conclusion was reading an article about integrating technology as a teacher. In the article it talks about how intergrading technology in the classroom may be difficulty at times but it can give many students the encouragement they need to do well on an assessment especially when technology is used the way it was used in my government class. It gives the students an opportunity to get quick feedback in that instance; however, technology can have its hiccups which can result in a less timely manner of feedback (Beginning with a Baseline). Technology Ethics in the Classroom Throughout the past 10 years technology has grown significantly and began being used within the classrooms. Due to the elevated use of computers and the internet, fraud, plagiarism, and copyright becomes a higher risk in essays and assignments. Not only should firewalls be put on the computers to block certain sits, students should be taught the appropriate sites that should be used. Students ought to be educated on how to use citations in their essays to keep from plagiarizing. There are three ethical practices of technology that I would use to implement the classroom: resources, expression, and responsibility. Countless amounts of teachers dread having to deal with â€Å"academic dishonesty† within the assignments of the students due to the easy ability that it can be done (An Ethical Dilemma). However, with the proper teaching students can learn the suitable sites to use as well as how to prevent plagiarism. In most classroom settings it is told to the students never to use Wikipedia. Sites such as Wikipedia should be taught to students to use with care and never as a citation due to the fact that anyone can write on it and it could be false information. When students are asked to write an essay they may struggle because they lack the knowledge needed for the essay which then the internet then serves the person as a â€Å"real equalizer†. There are access to hundreds and thousands of sites that are available (Tech Talk). A good educator will take the time to teach the students useful sites to get research as well as not to copy what is said from the sites word for word. There should be an agreement signed by each student that if plagiarism is used there will be consequences such as having to rewrite the essay for less credit. Besides just educating the students on the sites, they should also begin to get educated on citing the sources used in their essays as well as quotations. Citations can be very difficult for students especially the younger grades. Plagiarism is the act of entailing that another individual’s work is in fact your own work. When teaching the students about citations it should first be known that even if they are going to cite where they obtained the information from do not copy and paste. When a statement is copied word for word it should be put in quotation marks (Avoiding Cut and Paste). Depending on how the school or classroom is run there are several ways of citing. For the younger kids it should first be taught in MLA style to make it easier to grasp as well as because students most of the time do not use APA format until the last couple years of high school or even until college. After the students are educated on citations, a good way to help guide them is by giving the students a website that can further assistant them so that there is less plagiarism. A site that I would recommend to my students is easybib. com, which helps all styles of citations. Three ethical practices of technology that I would implement in my classroom are resources, expression, and responsibility. With these three a teacher can put into the agreement that will be signed by the students that there needs to be proper use of resources such as using knowledge and skill, expression such as skills and practices, and responsibility such as values and ethics. These are to be more similar to guidelines when it comes to ethics in technology. In conclusion, with the advancement in technology throughout the years, technology has become more common in the classroom. Plagiarism has become an issue that teachers dread to have to deal with. I believe with the proper educating of this to the students the plagiarism in the classroom will become scarce. Students need to learn the rights and wrongs of technology. Reflection Technology growth has had a major impact at schools and within classrooms. With the growth of technology comes more ways of learning as well as more safety to be taught with technology. My comprehensive technology plan helps guide me with the learning process for my students with the use of technology; it increases both the productivity and efficiency for students  and teachers. When coming up with an efficient plan it should include the reduction of costs and making certain the compatibility with already accessible technology. With the plan should come five steps which consist of: Define the accessible technology strategy, Identify requirements, Design, develop and purchase technology, Implement and Train, and Maintain technology and continue learning. These steps make for a productive and efficient comprehensive technology plan. In the first step, define the accessible technology strategy; the educator defines how accessible technology can be put into the classroom by creating a mission and vision statement that will set the ground work. Knowing this will help me as a teacher integrate accessible technology into the classroom. Within the vision statement should be how accessible technology plays a role in the learning environment. My vision statement states how I foresee that students will be equipped with a multitude of technologies as well as how I visualize the technology will be applied. In the mission statement it helps to clarify the vision statement. The mission statement will help in step 5 when I as a teacher will measure the success. My mission statement includes incorporating technology into the curriculum and what incorporating technology into the classroom and curriculum will do for the students (Microsoft Accessibility). The next steps are more details of the mission and vision statement made into the actual comprehensive technology plan. Throughout my whole plan I describe how technology benefits the classroom and the different ways it benefits. One important way technology benefits is through communication. With the use of the internet, computers, and even smartboards, teachers are able to communicate easier with parents through emails, websites, and newsletters. Furthermore, students are able to communicate with other students in the same grade level and are able to work together through sources such as Skype. Also mentioned in my plan is internet security which is an important subject when it comes to technology in the classroom. Students should be taught the appropriate sites to use as well as how to  cite the sources they use for essays and assignments. It truly is amazing how technology has progressed and grown throughout the years and that students that are not only in main stream but special educations students as well are able to use technology to grow further in their education. There are several assistive technologies that have been specially designed for students and teachers such as hearing aids, screen magnifiers, picture software and voice recognition software. Some of these devices help these children with their everyday life along side learning. Another point put into the plan is the use of technology in assessments. Although technology and assessments combined can be a real pain in the butt at time, with time and work it is a very useful way for technology to coincide with assessments. It is easier for teachers to grade rather them going through several papers as well as make a students more interested in the assessment because they are using a computer or something they know how to work. Overall, the comprehensive plan is a very useful source to integrate technology into the classroom. Reference  Banister, S. , & Vannatta, R. (2006). Beginning with a baseline: Insuring productive technology integration in teacher education. http://search. proquest. com/docview/200006665? accountid=7374 Caacentre. (1993). Using Technology to Assess Student Learning. http://www. caacentre. ac. uk/dldocs/alter. pdf â€Å"Developing an Accessible Technology Plan. † Microsoft Accessibility. Microsoft, 2012. Web. 16 Aug. 2012. . Donlevy, J. (2005). Teachers, technology and training: Envisioning the future: The U. S. department of education’s national technology plan. International Journal of Instructional Media. http://search. proquest. com/docview/204262994? accountid=7374 Education World. (2011). Assistive Technology in the Classroom. http://www. educationworld. com/a_tech/tech/tech086. shtml/ Fielding, Randall. Wired Versus Wireless. (1999). Technology in School Computer Networks. http://www. designshare. com/Research/Wired/Wired1. htm. Graham-Clay, S. (2005). Communicating with parents: Strategies for teachers. School Community Journal. http://search. proquest. com/docview/195462342? accountid=7374 Green, T. (2002). Using classroom simulations and technology to expore multicultural issues in a middle school classroom. Multicultural Education. http://search. proquest. com/docview/216321225? accountid=7374 Loertscher, D. V. (2011). Unleash the power of technology in education. Teacher Librarian. http://search. proquest. com/docview/902627384? accountid=7374 Morningside. (2012). Adavantages and Disadvantages of Various Assessment Methods. http://www. morningside. edu/academics/research/assessment/documents/advantagesdisadvantages. pdf Morss, D. A. (1999). A study of student perspectives on web-based learning: WebCT in the classroom. Internet Research. http://search. proquest. com/docview/219859371? accountid=7374 Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2011). Information, Media, and Technology Skills. http://www. p21. org/overview/skills-framework/61-imt-skills. Pennsylvania State University. (2012). Avoiding Cut and Paste Plagiarism with Citations. Teaching and Learning with Technology. Shelbyed. (2012). Technology in the Classroom. http://www. shelbyed. k12. al. us/schools/rms/faculty/wrodgers/technology%20int/students. html Street, Chris. (2008). ProQuest. Tech Talk for Social Studies Teachers: Writing about Nazi Germany and Leni Riefenstahl: Using Technology Information: a Journal for Readers, Students and History. The Social Studies. The Journal. (2012). Wireless vs. Hard-Wired Network Use in Education. http://thejournal. com/articles/2002/11/01/wireless-vs-hardwired-network-use-in-education. aspx Thomas, Ebony Elizabeth. (2011). ProQuest. An Ethical Dilemma: Talking about Plagiarism and Academic Integrity in the Digital Age. English Journal.